Introduction

Vitrectomy is a surgical procedure performed to remove the vitreous gel from the eye. It is commonly used to treat various vitreoretinal disorders and is essential for managing conditions that affect the clarity and function of the vitreous and retina. This surgery can significantly improve vision and prevent further complications.

Indications for Vitrectomy

Retinal Detachment

One of the primary indications for vitrectomy is retinal detachment. The procedure allows the surgeon to repair tears or holes in the retina and reattach it to the underlying tissue.

Vitreous Hemorrhage

Vitrectomy is performed to clear vitreous hemorrhage, where blood leaks into the vitreous gel. This condition can obscure vision and prevent proper diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause.

Macular Holes and Epiretinal Membranes

Vitrectomy is used to treat macular holes and epiretinal membranes (ERMs). These conditions can cause distortion and loss of central vision, and surgical intervention helps restore retinal architecture and function.

Surgical Procedure

Preoperative Preparation

Before surgery, patients undergo a comprehensive eye examination and imaging studies to assess the vitreoretinal interface. Anesthesia options, including local or general anesthesia, are discussed.

Surgical Technique

During vitrectomy, tiny incisions are made in the sclera (white part of the eye) to insert microsurgical instruments. The vitreous gel is removed, and the surgeon may use additional techniques such as laser photocoagulation or gas/oil tamponade to address the specific condition. The procedure typically lasts one to two hours, depending on the complexity.

Postoperative Care

Recovery

Postoperative care involves administering prescribed eye drops to prevent infection and inflammation. Patients may need to maintain specific head positions if a gas or oil tamponade is used to help reattach the retina.

Monitoring and Follow-Up

Regular follow-up visits are crucial to monitor healing and detect any complications early. Patients are advised to report any symptoms such as pain, decreased vision, or increased redness immediately.

Risks and Complications

While vitrectomy is generally safe, potential risks include infection, bleeding, cataract formation, and increased intraocular pressure. Retinal detachment and recurrence of the original condition are also possible but less common.